This low-key meteor shower – which always peaks around the solstice – is somewhat overlooked due to the holiday season. Its hourly rate is lower than that of the Geminid shower, which peaks just a week before. But with the moon so close to new in 2022, the Ursids are worth a look!
Ursid meteor shower peak: is predicted* for December 22, 2022, at 22 UTC.
When to watch: Watch for Ursid meteors on December 22 and 23, before dawn.
Duration of shower: Ursids range from December 13 to 24, so you might see some intermingling with the Geminids’ peak.
Radiant: Circumpolar at northerly latitudes.
Nearest moon phase: A faint waning crescent moon at only 3% illumination won’t interfere with the Ursids in 2022. New moon is December 23 at 10:16 UTC.
Expected meteors at peak, under ideal conditions: Under a dark sky with no moon, the Ursids offer perhaps five to 10 meteors per hour.
Report a fireball (very bright meteor) to the American Meteor Society: it’s fun and easy!
The Ursids’ parent comet
From the late, great Don Machholz (1952-2022), who discovered 12 comets …
8P/Tuttle is the comet responsible for the Ursids meteor shower. Pierre Mechain discovered it on January 9, 1790, from Paris, France. Mechain, an associate of Charles Messier, discovered seven comets which bear his name. But he also discovered two more comets which do not. One, later named Comet Encke after Johann Encke, who calculated its orbit, is responsible for the Southern Taurids meteor shower in early November. The other comet Mechain found that does not bear his name is this one, 8P/Tuttle.
The 1790 appearance of this comet provided an approximate orbit, calculated by Mechain. There were not enough data points to indicate the comet would ever return. But it did. 68 years later, on January 5, 1858, Horace Tuttle of Harvard University College picked it up in the evening sky. It was observed for several months and an orbit was calculated with it returning in 13.7 years. Tuttle linked it to the comet discovered by Mechain in 1790, and it became known as periodic Comet Tuttle. The reason it is not called periodic Comet Mechain-Tuttle, is that it was not recognized as a periodic comet from Mechain’s orbit. So, with the new naming procedures that took effect in 1995, the official name of this comet is 8P/Tuttle.
Comet 8P/Tuttle gets as close to the sun as does the planet earth, then goes out as far as the orbit of Saturn. Its path is tilted to the earth’s orbit, and we intercept the material as it descends from above our orbit. The comet last visited the inner solar system in August 2021.
The meteor shower outbursts are unrelated to the years when the comet visits the inner solar system. This is because the stream of material from the comet creates its own path, and lags behind the comet. In 2007, when the comet last visited the inner solar system, there was great anticipation of a shower outburst that December. But none transpired. And it is not unusual for the meteor shower outbursts to occur when the comet is far from Earth.
This year, 2022, the comet is still moving out, away from Earth and the sun. But that does not prevent its material from moving in and intersecting Earth in late December.
Watching the Ursid meteor shower in 2022
The annual Ursid meteor shower runs from about December 13 to 24 every year. It always peaks around the December solstice, which, in 2022, comes on December 21. The Ursids’ peak is predicted the morning of December 22. In 2022, a new moon comes on December 23. So, there will be a small waning crescent moon in the morning sky during the Ursids’ 2022 peak. Here’s what to watch for.
Generally, the Ursids are a low-key affair, offering perhaps as many as five to 10 meteors per hour in a dark sky with no moon. In rare instances, bursts of 100 or more meteors per hour have been observed. Those Ursid bursts keep Northern Hemisphere meteor-watchers interested in this shower, despite their peak during the cold of winter.
If you want to try watching the Ursids in 2022, or in any year, a country location is best. Dress warmly! Bring a sleeping bag. And plan to spend several hours reclining under a dark sky free of artificial lights, beginning around the wee morning hours of December 22. Will you see some? We sure hope so!
Ursid meteor shower radiant point
The chart above shows the Big and Little Dipper asterisms – in the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor – for which the Ursid meteor shower is named.
As you may know, all meteors in annual showers have radiant points; the showers typically take their names from the constellations in which their radiants lie. If you trace the paths of the slow-moving Ursid meteors backward, they appear to come from the section of sky marked by the Little Dipper star Kochab.
If you look from a Northern Hemisphere location around the time of the solstice, you’ll find the Big Dipper and the star Kochab well up in the north-northeast at around 1 a.m. your local time. That’s about the time of night you’ll want to start watching this meteor shower.
From far-northerly latitudes (for example, in Canada), the Little Dipper is circumpolar (out all night). From there, you’ll find the star Kochab below Polaris, the North Star, at nightfall. Kochab (and all the Little Dipper stars) circle Polaris in a counterclockwise direction throughout the night, with this star reaching its high point for the night in the hours before dawn.
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Ursid meteor shower history
If you decide to watch it, you might enjoy knowing that the Ursids are a relatively new meteor shower. Some meteor showers, such as the Perseids in August, have occurred each year at the same time for many centuries. But around the turn of the 20th century, a skywatcher noticed that some meteors seen around this time of year weren’t random in their direction of motion across our sky’s dome. Instead, they appeared to radiate from near the star Kochab in the bowl of the Little Dipper asterism.
As the years of the 20th century passed, careful observers looked for, and observed, occasional Ursid outbursts.
Although people have observed the Ursid meteor shower for just over a century – and although rates are typically around 5-10 meteors per hour – the Ursids have gained popularity in recent years because of these possible outbursts.
Bursts of about 100 meteors per hour happened in 1945 and 1986. An unexpected increase of 30 per hour came in 1973.
Best for the Northern Hemisphere
By the way, the radiant point for the Ursids is just too far north on the sky’s dome to be easily visible from the Southern Hemisphere’s temperate latitudes. The star Kochab – near the Ursids’ radiant point – can’t be seen from there. In other words, for temperate latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, the radiant stays below the horizon. Since the meteors radiate out in all directions from the radiant point, from those in southerly latitudes, half the meteors or more will never make it above your horizon.
So, from the Southern Hemisphere, you might see a few Ursids come streaking up from your northern horizon around the time the shower peaks. Or you might not see any meteors at all.
Bottom line: If you want to watch the Ursids peak on the morning of December 22, 2022, find a country location where you can camp out. Dress warmly! And plan to spend several hours reclining under a dark sky. The predawn hours are usually the most favorable.
*Predicted peak times and dates for 2022 meteor showers are from the American Meteor Society. Note that meteor shower peak times can vary.
EarthSky’s meteor guide for 2022
Meteor showers: Tips for watching the show
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